Sindh

Sindh


Jump to navigationJump to search
"Sind" redirects here. For other uses, see Sind (disambiguation).
Sindh
Province
Jinnah Mausoleum.JPG
FaizMahal.jpg
Lansdowne Rohri, Sukkur.jpg
Ranikot fort 2 (asad aman).jpg
Left to right: Mazar-e-Quaid, Faiz Mahal, Ayub Bridge adjacent to Lansdowne Bridge and Ranikot Fort
Flag of Sindh
Flag
Official seal of Sindh
Seal
Nickname(s):
Mehran (Gateway), Bab-ul-Islam (Gateway of Islam)
Location of Sindh in Pakistan
Location of Sindh in Pakistan
Country Pakistan
Established
  • 1 July 1970
CapitalKarachi
Government
 • TypeSelf-governing Provincesubject to the Federal government
 • GovernorImran Ismail
 • Chief MinisterSyed Murad Ali Shah
 • Chief Secretary SindhMumtaz Ali Shah
 • LegislatureProvincial Assembly
 • High CourtSindh High Court
Area
 • Total140,914 km2 (54,407 sq mi)
Area rank3rd
Population
 (2017)[1]
 • Total47,886,051
 • Rank2nd
 • Density340/km2 (880/sq mi)
Demonym(s)Sindhi
Languages
 • ProvincialSindhi
 • OfficialEnglish
 • NationalUrdu
Time zoneUTC+5 (PKT)
ISO 3166 codePK-SD
Seats in National Assembly75
Seats in Provincial Assembly168[2]
HDI (2017)0.556[3]
medium
Districts29
Tehsils119
Union Councils1108[4]
Websitesindh.gov.pk
Sindh, Sind (/sɪnd/; Sindhi: سنڌ‎; Urdu: سِندھ‎) is one of the four provinces of Pakistan, in the southeast of the country, and the historical home of the Sindhi people.[5][6] Sindh is the third largest province of Pakistan by area, and second largest province by population after Punjab. Sindh is bordered by Balochistan province to the west, and Punjab province to the north. Sindh also borders the Indian states of Gujarat and Rajasthan to the east, and Arabian Sea to the south. Sindh's landscape consists mostly of alluvial plains flanking the Indus River, the Thar desert in the eastern portion of the province closest to the border with India, and the Kirthar Mountains in the western part of Sindh.
Sindh has Pakistan's second largest economy, while its provincial capital Karachi is Pakistan's largest city and financial hub, and hosts the headquarters of several multinational banks. Sindh is home to a large portion of Pakistan's industrial sector and contains two of Pakistan's commercial seaports, Port Bin Qasim and the Karachi Port. The remainder of Sindh has an agriculture based economy, and produces fruit, food consumer items, and vegetables for the consumption other parts of the country.[7][8][9]
Sindh is known for its distinct culture which is strongly influenced by Sufism, an important marker of Sindhi identity for both Hindus (Sindh has Pakistan's highest percentage of Hinduresidents)[10] and Muslims in the province.[11]Several important Sufi shrines are located throughout the province which attract millions of annual devotees.
Sindh's capital, Karachi, is Pakistan's most ethnically diverse city, with Muhajirs, or descendants of those who migrated to Pakistan from India after 1947 and throughout the 1950s and 1960s, making up the majority of the population.[12] Karachi and other urban centres of Sindh have seen ethnic tensions between the native Sindhis and the Muhajirs boil over into violence on several occasions.[13] Sindh is home to two UNESCO World Heritage Sites – the Historical Monuments at Makli, and the Archaeological Ruins at Moenjodaro.[14]

Contents

  • 1Etymology
  • 2History
    • 2.1Prehistoric period
    • 2.2Early history
    • 2.3Arrival of Islam
    • 2.4Soomra dynasty period
    • 2.5Samma Dynasty period
    • 2.6Migration of Baloch
    • 2.7Mughal era
    • 2.8Talpurs
    • 2.9British Raj
    • 2.10Independence of Pakistan
  • 3Population
    • 3.1Demographics
    • 3.2Religions
    • 3.3Languages
      • 3.3.1Sindhi language
      • 3.3.2Other languages
  • 4Geography and nature
    • 4.1Flora
    • 4.2Fauna
    • 4.3Climate
  • 5Major cities
  • 6Government
    • 6.1Sindh province
    • 6.2Divisions
    • 6.3Districts
  • 7Economy
  • 8Education
  • 9Culture
    • 9.1Cultural heritage
  • 10Places of interest
  • 11See also
  • 12Notes
  • 13References
  • 14Bibliography
  • 15External links

Etymology[edit]

The word Sindh is derived from the Sanskrit term Sindhu (literally meaning "river"), that is a reference to Indus River.[15] The official spelling "Sind" was discontinued in 1988 by an amendment passed in Sindh Assembly.[16]
The Greeks who conquered Sindh in 325 BC under the command of Alexander the Great rendered it as Indós, hence the modern Indus. The ancient Iranians referred to everything east of the river Indus as hind.[17][18]

History[edit]

Main article: History of Sindh

Prehistoric period[edit]


Extent and major sites of the Indus Valley Civilization in pre-modern Pakistan and India 3000 BC

The Priest-King from Mohenjo-daro, more than 4000 years old, in the National Museum of Pakistan, Karachi

Excavated ruins of Mohenjo-daro, Sindh, Pakistan
Sindh's first known village settlements date as far back as 7000 BCE. Permanent settlements at Mehrgarh, currently in Balochistan, to the west expanded into Sindh. This culture blossomed over several millennia and gave rise to the Indus Valley Civilization around 3000 BCE. The Indus Valley Civilization rivalled the contemporary civilizations of Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia in size and scope, numbering nearly half a million inhabitants at its height with well-planned grid cities and sewer systems.
The primitive village communities in Balochistan were still struggling against a difficult highland environment, a highly cultured people were trying to assert themselves at Kot Diji. This was one of the most developed urban civilizations of the ancient world. It flourished between the 25th century BCE and 1500 BCE in the Indus valley sites of Mohenjo Daro and Harappa. The people had a high standard of art and craftsmanship and a well-developed system of quasi-pictographic writing which remains un-deciphered. The ruins of the well planned towns, the brick buildings of the common people, roads, public baths and the covered drainage system suggest a highly organized community.[19]
According to some accounts, there is no evidence of large palaces or burial grounds for the elite. The grand and presumably holy site might have been the great bath, which is built upon an artificially created elevation.[20] This indigenous civilization collapsed around 1700 BCE. The cause is hotly debated and may have been a massive earthquake, which dried up the Ghaggar River. Skeletons discovered in the ruins of Moan Jo Daro ("mount of dead") were thought to indicate that the city was suddenly attacked and the population was wiped out,[21] but further examinations showed that the marks on the skeletons were due to erosion and not of violence.[22]
Part of a series on
Sindhis
  • Etymology
  • History
  • Language
  • Culture
  • Cuisine
  • Diaspora
  • Sindhology
  • Tribes
  • Media
Kingdoms
  • Indus Valley civilization
  • Sindhu
  • Rai
  • Soomra
  • Samma
  • Kalhora
  • Talpur
  • v
  • t
  • e

Early history[edit]

The ancient city of Roruka, identified with modern Aror/Rohri, was capital of the Sauvira Kingdom, and finds mentioned early Buddhist literature as a major trading center.[23] Sindh finds mention in the Hindu epic Mahabharata as being part of Bharatvarsha. Sindh was conquered by the PersianAchaemenid Empire in the 6th century BC. In the late 4th century BC, Sindh was conquered by a mixed army led by Macedonian Greeks under Alexander the Great. Alexander described his encounters with these trans-Indus tribes of Sindh: "I am involved in the land of lions and brave people, where every foot of the ground is like a well of steel, confronting my soldier. You have brought only one son into the world, but everyone in this land can be called an Alexander." The region remained under control of Greek satraps for only a few decades. After Alexander's death, there was a brief period of Seleucid rule, before Sindh was traded to the Mauryan Empire led by Chandragupta in 305 BC. During the rule of the Mauryan Emperor Ashoka, the Buddhist religionspread to Sindh.
Mauryan rule ended in 185 BC with the overthrow of the last king by the Shunga Dynasty. In the disorder that followed, Greek rule returned when Demetrius I of Bactria led a Greco-Bactrianinvasion of India and annexed most of the northwestern lands, including Sindh. Demetrius was later defeated and killed by a usurper, but his descendants continued to rule Sindh and other lands as the Indo-Greek Kingdom. Under the reign of Menander I, many Indo-Greeks followed his example and converted to Buddhism.
In the late 2nd century BC, Scythian tribes shattered the Greco-Bactrian empire and invaded the Indo-Greek lands. Unable to take the Punjab region, they invaded South Asia through Sindh, where they became known as Indo-Scythians (later Western Satraps). By the 1st century AD, the Kushan Empire annexed Sindh. Kushans under Kanishka were great patrons of Buddhism and sponsored many building projects for local beliefs.[24] Ahirs were also found in large numbers in Sindh.[25]Abiria country of Abhira tribe was in southern Sindh.[26][27]
The Kushan Empire was defeated in the mid 3rd century AD by the Sassanid Empire of Persia, who installed vassals known as the Kushanshahs in these far eastern territories. These rulers were defeated by the Kidarites in the late 4th century.
It then came under the Gupta Empire after dealing with the Kidarites. By the late 5th century, attacks by Hephthalite tribes known as the Indo-Hephthalites or Hunas (Huns) broke through the Gupta Empire's northwestern borders and overran much of northwestern India. Concurrently, Ror dynastyruled parts of the region for several centuries.
Afterwards, Sindh came under the rule of Emperor Harshavardhan, then the Rai Dynasty around 478. The Rais were overthrown by Chachar of Alor around 632. The Brahman dynasty ruled a vast territory that stretched from Multan in the north to the Rann of Kutch, Alor was their capital.

Arrival of Islam[edit]


Arab Muslim rule in Pakistan region

Sindh captured by the Umayyads:
  Expansion under Muhammad, 622–632
  Expansion during the Rashidun Caliphate, 632–661
  Expansion during the Umayyad Caliphate, 661–750
The connection between the Sind and Islam was established by the initial Muslim missions during the Rashidun Caliphate. Al-Hakim ibn Jabalah al-Abdi, who attacked Makran in the year 649 AD, was an early partisan of Ali ibn Abu Talib.[28]During the caliphate of Ali, many Jats of Sindh had came under influence of Shi'ism[29] and some even participated in the Battle of Camel and died fighting for Ali.[28] Under the Umayyads (661 – 750 AD), many Shias sought asylum in the region of Sindh, to live in relative peace in the remote area. Ziyad Hindi is one of those refugees.[30]
Muhammad Ali Jinnah claimed that the Pakistan movement started when the first Muslim put his foot on the soil of Sindh, the Gateway of Islam in India.[31]
In 712, Muhammad bin Qasim conquered the Sindh and Indus Valley, bringing South Asian societies into contact with Islam. Dahir was an unpopular Hindu king that ruled over a Buddhist majority and that Chach of Alor and his kin were regarded as usurpers of the earlier Buddhist Rai Dynasty,[32][33] a view questioned by those who note the diffuse and blurred nature of Hindu and Buddhist practices in the region,[34] especially that of the royalty to be patrons of both and those who believe that Chach may have been a Buddhist.[35][36] The forces of Muhammad bin Qasim defeated Raja Dahir in alliance with the Hindu Jats and other regional governors.
In 711 AD, Muhammad bin Qasim led an Umayyad force of 20,000 cavalry and 5 catapults. Muhammad bin Qasim defeated the Raja Dahir, and captured the cities of Alor, Multan and Debal. Sindh became the easternmost State of the Umayyad Caliphate and was referred to as "Sind" on Arab maps, with lands further east known as "Hind". Muhammad bin Qasim built the city of Mansuraas his capital; the city then produced famous historical figures such as Abu Mashar Sindhi, Abu Ata al-Sindhi,[37] Abu Raja Sindhi and Sind ibn Ali. At the port city of Debal, most of the Bawarijembraced Islam and became known as Sindhi Sailors, who were renowned for their in navigation, geography and languages. After Bin Qasim left, the Umayyads ruled Sindh through the Habbari dynasty.
By the year 750, Debal (modern Karachi) was second only to Basra; Sindhi sailors from the port city of Debal voyaged to Basra, Bushehr, Musqat, Aden, Kilwa, Zanzibar, Sofala, Malabar, Sri Lankaand Java (where Sindhi merchants were known as the Santri). During the power struggle between the Umayyads and the Abbasids. The Habbari Dynasty became semi independent and was eliminated and Mansura was invaded by Sultan Mahmud Ghaznavi. Sindh then became an easternmost State of the Abbasid Caliphate ruled by the Soomro Dynasty until the Siege of Baghdad (1258). Mansura was the first capital of the Soomra Dynasty and the last of the Habbari dynasty. Muslim geographers, historians and travelers such as al-Masudi, Ibn Hawqal, Istakhri, Ahmed ibn Sahl al-Balkhi, al-Tabari, Baladhuri, Nizami,[38] al-Biruni, Saadi Shirazi, Ibn Battutah and Katip Çelebi[39] wrote about or visited the region, sometimes using the name "Sindh" for the entire area from the Arabian Sea to the Hindu Kush.

Soomra dynasty period[edit]

Main article: Soomra dynasty
When Sindh was under the Arab Umayyad Caliphate, the Arab Habbari dynasty was in control. The Umayyads appointed Aziz al Habbari as the governor of Sindh. Habbaris ruled Sindh until Sultan Mahmud Ghaznavi defeated the Habbaris in 1024. Sultan Mahmud Ghaznavi viewed the Abbasid Caliphate to be the caliphs thus he removed the remaining influence of the Umayyad Caliphate in the region and Sindh fell to Abbasid control following the defeat of the Habbaris. The Abbasid Caliphate then appointed Al Khafif from Samarra; 'Soomro' means 'of Samarra' in Sindhi. The new governor of Sindh was to create a better, stronger and stable government. Once he became the governor, he allotted several key positions to his family and friends; thus Al-Khafif or Sardar Khafif Soomro formed the Rajput Soomro Dynasty in Sindh;[40] and became its first ruler. Until the Siege of Baghdad (1258) the Soomro dynasty was the Abbasid Caliphate's functionary in Sindh, but after that it became independent.
When the Soomro dynasty lost ties with the Abbasid Caliphate after the Siege of Baghdad (1258,) the Soomra ruler Dodo-I established their rule from the shores of the Arabian Sea to the Punjab in the north and in the east to Rajasthan and in the west to Pakistani Balochistan. The Soomros were one of the first indigenous Muslim dynasties in Sindh of Parmar Rajput origin.[41] They were the first Muslims to translate the Quran into the Sindhi language. The Sammas created a chivalrous culture in Sindh, which eventually facilitated their rule centred at Mansura. It was later abandoned due to changes in the course of the Puran River; they ruled for the next 95 years until 1351. During this period, Kutch was ruled by the Samma Dynasty, who enjoyed good relations with the Soomras in Sindh. Since the Soomro Dynasty lost its support from the Abbasid Caliphate, the Sultans of Delhiwanted a piece of Sindh. The Soomros successfully defended their kingdom for about 36 years, but their dynasties soon fell to the might of the Sultanate of Delhi's massive armies such as the Tughluks and the Khaljis.

Samma Dynasty period[edit]

Main article: Samma dynasty

Makli Hill is one of the largest necropolises in the world.
In 1339 Jam Unar founded a Sindhi Muslim Rajput Samma Dynasty and challenged the Sultans of Delhi. He used the title of the Sultan of Sindh. The Samma tribe reached its peak during the reign of Jam Nizamuddin II (also known by the nickname Jám Nindó). During his reign from 1461 to 1509, Nindó greatly expanded the new capital of Thatta and its Makli hills, which replaced Debal. He patronized Sindhi art, architecture and culture. The Samma had left behind a popular legacy especially in architecture, music and art. Important court figures included the poet Kazi Kadal, Sardar Darya Khan, Moltus Khan, Makhdoom Bilawal and the theologian Kazi Kaadan. However, Thatta was a port city; unlike garrison towns, it could not mobilize large armies against the Arghunand Tarkhan Mongol invaders, who killed many regional Sindhi Mirs and Amirs loyal to the Samma. Some parts of Sindh still remained under the Sultans of Delhi and the ruthless Arghuns and the Tarkhans sacked Thatta during the rule of Jam Ferozudin.

Migration of Baloch[edit]

Main article: Sindhi Baloch
According to Dr. Akhtar Baloch, Professor at University of Karachi, and Nadeem Wagan, General Manager at HANDS, the Balochi migrated from Balochistan during the Little Ice Age and settled in Sindh and Punjab. The Little Ice Age is conventionally defined as a period extending from the sixteenth to the nineteenth centuries,[42][43][44] or alternatively, from about 1300[45] to about 1850.[46][47][48] According to Professor Baloch, the climate of Balochistan was very cold during this epoch and the region was uninhabitable during the winters so the Baloch people emigrated in waves to Sindh and Punjab.[49]

Mughal era[edit]

In the year 1524, the few remaining Sindhi Amirs welcomed the Mughal Empire and Baburdispatched his forces to rally the Arghuns and the Tarkhans, branches of a Turkic dynasty. In the coming centuries, Sindh became a region loyal to the Mughals, a network of forts manned by cavalry and musketeers further extended Mughal power in Sindh.[50][51] In 1540 a mutiny by Sher Shah Suri forced the Mughal Emperor Humayun to withdraw to Sindh, where he joined the Sindhi Emir Hussein Umrani. In 1541 Humayun married Hamida Banu Begum, who gave birth to the infant Akbar at Umarkot in the year 1542.[50][52]
During the reign of Akbar the Great, Sindh produced scholars and others such as Mir Ahmed Nasrallah Thattvi, Tahir Muhammad Thattvi and Mir Ali Sir Thattvi and the Mughal chronicler Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak and his brother the poet Faizi was a descendant of a Sindhi Shaikh family from Rel, Siwistan in Sindh. Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak was the author of Akbarnama (an official biographical account of Akbar) and the Ain-i-Akbari (a detailed document recording the administration of the Mughal Empire).
Shah Jahan carved a subah (imperial province), covering Sindh, called Thatta after its capital, out of Multan, further bordering on the Ajmer and Gujarat subahs as well as the rival Persian Safavid empire.
During the Mughal period, Sindhi literature began to flourish and historical figures such as Shah Abdul Latif Bhittai, Sulatn-al-Aoliya Muhammad Zaman and Sachal Sarmast became prominent throughout the land. In 1603 Shah Jahan visited the State of Sindh; at Thatta he was generously welcomed by the locals after the death of his father Jahangir. Shah Jahan ordered the construction of the Shahjahan Mosque, which was completed during the early years of his rule under the supervision of Mirza Ghazi Beg. During his reign, in 1659 in the Mughal Empire, Muhammad Salih Tahtawi of Thatta created a seamless celestial globe with Arabic and Persian inscriptions using a wax casting method.[53][54]
Sindh was home to several wealthy merchant-rulers such as Mir Bejar of Sindh, whose great wealth had attracted the close ties with the Sultan bin Ahmad of Oman.[55]
In the year 1701, the Kalhora Nawabs were authorized in a firman by the Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb to administer subah Sindh.
From 1752 to 1762, Marathas collected Chauth or tributes from Sindh.[56] Maratha power was decimated in the entire region after the Third Battle of Panipat in 1761. In 1762, Mian Ghulam Shah Kalhoro brought stability in Sindh, he reorganized and independently defeated the Marathas and their prominent vassal the Rao of Kuch in the Thar Desert and returned victoriously.
After the Sikhs annexed Multan, the Kalhora Dynasty supported counterattacks against the Sikhs and defined their borders.[57]
In 1783 a firman which designated Mir Fateh Ali Khan Talpur as the new Nawab of Sindh, and mediated peace particularly after the Battle of Halani and the defeat of the ruling Kalhora by the Talpur Baloch tribes.[58]
  • Caravan of merchants in the Indus River Valley

Talpurs[edit]

According to Nadeem Wagan, General Manager at HANDS,The Talpur tribe migrated from Dera Ghazi Khan in Punjab to Sindh on the invitation of Kalhora to help them organize unruly Baloch tribes living in Sindh. Talpurs, who learned the Sindhi language, settled in northern Sindh. Very soon they united all the Baloch tribes of Sindh and formed a confederacy against the Kalhora Dynasty. The Talpur Baloch soon gained power, overthrowing the Kalhora after the Battle of Halani to conquer and rule Sindh and other parts of present-day Pakistan, from 1783 to 1843. British East India Company forces led by General Charles James Napier overthrew the Talpur Baloch in 1843.

British Raj[edit]

See also: Sind Province (1936–55)

Sindh became part of the Bombay Presidency in 1909.
In 1802, when Mir Ghulam Ali Khan Talpur succeeded as the Talpur Nawab, internal tensions broke out in the state. As a result, the following year the Maratha Empire declared war on Sindh and Berar Subah, during which Arthur Wellesley took a leading role causing much early suspicion between the Emirs of Sindh and the British Empire.[59] The British East India Company made its first contacts in the Sindhi port city of Thatta, which according to a report was:
"a city as large as London containing 50,000 houses which were made of stone and mortar with large verandahs some three or four stories high ... the city has 3,000 looms ... the textiles of Sindh were the flower of the whole produce of the East, the international commerce of Sindh gave it a place among that of Nations, Thatta has 400 schools and 4,000 Dhows at its docks, the city is guarded by well armed Sepoys".
British and Bengal Presidency forces under General Charles James Napier arrived in Sindh in the mid-19th century and conquered Sindh in February 1843.[60]The Baloch coalition led by Talpur under Mir Nasir Khan Talpur was defeated at the Battle of Mianiduring which 5,000 Talpur Baloch were killed. Shortly afterwards, Hoshu Sheedi commanded another army at the Battle of Dubbo, where 5,000 Baloch were killed.
The first Agha Khan (was escaping persecution from Persia and looking for a foothold in the British Raj) he helped the British in their conquest of Sindh. As result, he was granted a lifetime pension.
A British journal[61] by Thomas Postans mentions the captive Sindhi Amirs: "The Amirs as being the prisoners of 'Her Majesty'... they are maintained in strict seclusion; they are described as Broken-Hearted and Miserable men, maintaining much of the dignity of fallen greatness, and without any querulous or angry complaining at this unlivable source of sorrow, refusing to be comforted". Within weeks, Charles Napier and his forces occupied Sindh.
After 1853 the British divided Sindh into districts and later made it part of British India's Bombay Presidency.
In the year 1868, the Bombay Presidency assigned Narayan Jagannath Vaidya to replace the Abjadused in Sindhi, with the Khudabadi script. The script was decreed a standard script by the Bombay Presidency thus inciting anarchy in the Muslim majority region. A powerful unrest followed, after which Twelve Martial Laws were imposed by the British authorities.[62]
The Bombay Presidency caused the rise of rebels such as Sibghatullah Shah Rashidi pioneered the Sindhi Muslim Hur Movement against the British Raj. He was hanged on 20 March 1943 in Hyderabad, Sindh. His burial place is not known.
During the British period, railways, printing presses and bridges were introduced in the province. Writers like Mirza Kalich Beg compiled and traced the literary history of Sindh.
Although Sindh had a culture of religious syncretism, communal harmony and tolerance due to Sindh's strong Sufi culture in which both Sindhi Muslims and Sindhi Hindus partook,[63] the mostly Muslim peasantry was oppressed by the Hindu moneylending class and also by the landed Muslim elite.[64] Sindhi Muslims eventually demanded the separation of Sindh from the Bombay Presidency, a move opposed by Sindhi Hindus.[65][66][67]
By 1936 Sindh was separated from the Bombay Presidency. Elections in 1937 resulted in local Sindhi Muslim parties winning the bulk of seats. By the mid-1940s the Muslim League gained a foothold in the province and after winning over the support of local Sufi pirs,[68] it didn't take long for the overwhelming majority of Sindhi Muslims to campaign for the creation of Pakistan.[69][70]

Independence of Pakistan[edit]

At the time of Partition, there were 1,400,000 Hindu Sindhis, dominating the province's upper middle class. There was very little communal violence in Sindh, in comparison to Punjab.[63] Communal violence in Ajmer, India, in December 1947 led to Muslim refugees crossing over the Thar Desert to Sindh in Pakistan. This sparked riots in Hyderabad and later in Karachi, although less than 500 Hindu were killed in Sindh between 1947–48 as Sindhi Muslims largely resisted calls to turn against their Hindu neighbours.[71] Hundreds of thousands of Sindhi Hindus fled to India. The arrival of Sindhi Hindu refugees in the Indian town of Godhra sparked the March 1948 anti-Muslim riots there which led to an emigration of Ghanchi Muslims from Godhra to Pakistan.[72] Indian Muslims from the United Provinces, Central Provinces and Bombay continued migrating to and settling in Sindh's urban centers throughout the 1950s and 1960s.[12]

Population[edit]

Demographics[edit]

Main article: Demographics of Sindh
Sindh Demographic Indicators
IndicatorStatistic
Urban population52.02%
Rural population47.98%
Population growth rate2.41%
Gender ratio (male per 100 female)108.58
Economically active population22.75% (Old Data)
Historical populations
CensusPopulationUrban
19516,047,74829.23%
19618,367,06537.85%
197214,155,90940.44%
198119,028,66643.31%
199829,991,16148.75%
201747,886,05152.02%
Sindh has the 2nd highest Human Development Index out of all of Pakistan's provinces at 0.628.[73] The 2017 Census of Pakistan indicated a population of 47.9 million.
The Sindhis as a whole are composed of original descendants of an ancient population known as Sammaat, sub-groups related to the Baloch origin are found in interior Sindh and to a lesser extent Sindhis of Pashtun origins. Sindhis of Balochi origins make up about 30% of the total Sindhi population (although they speak Sindhi Saraiki as their native tongue), while Urdu-speaking Muhajirs makeup over 19% of the total population of the province while Punjabi are 10% and Pashtuns represent 7%. In August 1947, before the partition of India, the total population of Sindh was 38,87,070 out of which 28,32,000 were Muslims and 10,15,000 were Hindus[74]
According to Dr. Akhtar Baloch, Professor at University of Karachi, the Baloch migrated from Balochistan during the Little Ice Age. This is conventionally defined as a period extending from the sixteenth to the nineteenth centuries,[42][43][44] or alternatively, from about 1300.[45] to about 1850,[46][47][48] although climatologists and historians working with local records no longer expect to agree on either the start or end dates of this period, which varied according to local conditions. Professor Baloch said the climate of Balochistan was very cold and the region was uninhabitable during the winter so the Baloch people in waves migrated and settled in Sindh and Punjab.[75]

Religions[edit]

Religions in Sindh (1998)[76]
  Islam (91.31%)
  Hinduism (7.50%)
  Christian (0.97%)
  others (0.22%)
Islam in Sindh has a strong Sufi ethos with numerous Muslim saints and mystics, such as the Sufi poet Shah Abdul Latif Bhittai, having lived in Sindh historically. One popular legend which highlights the strong Sufi presence in Sindh is that 125,000 Sufi saints and mystics are buried on Makli Hill near Thatta.[77] The development of Sufism in Sindh was similar to the development of Sufism in other parts of the Muslim world. In the 16th century two Sufi tareeqat (orders) – Qadria and Naqshbandia – were introduced in Sindh.[78] Sufism continues to play an important role in the daily lives of Sindhis.[79]
Sindh also has Pakistan's highest percentage of Hinduresidents, with 8.5% of Sindh's population overall, and 11.56% of Sindh's rural population, classifying itself as Hindu,[76] and over 40% of residents in Tharparkar District identifying themselves as Hindu.[10] The communal harmony between Sindhi Muslims and Hindus is an example of Sindh's pluralistic and tolerant Sufi culture.[80]

Languages[edit]

First languages of Sindh
(according to 2017 Census)[81]
  Sindhi (61.6%)
  Urdu (18.2%)
  Pashto (5.46%)
  Punjabi (5.31%)
  Saraiki (2.23%)
  Balochi (2%)
  Others (5.2%)

Sindhi language[edit]

Main article: Sindhi language
Sindhi (Arabic script: سنڌي) is spoken by more than 30 million people (in 2017) in the province of Sindh.
Sindhi is an Indo-European language, both are linguistically considered to be the daughter languages of Sanskrit. Balochiand Seraiki have also influenced Sindhi which also accommodates substantial Persian, Turkish and Arabic words. Sindhi is written in a modified Arabic script. Today, Sindhi in Pakistan is heavily influenced by Urdu with more borrowed Perso-Arabic elements, while Sindhi in India is influenced by Hindi and borrows more elements from Sanskrit. Key dialects of Sindhi include Kutchi, Lasi, Memoni, Lari, Vicholi, Utradi, Macharia and Dukslinu (which is spoken by Sindhi Hindus).

Other languages[edit]

Other languages in the province include Gujarati[82] and Parkari Koli (sometimes called just Parkari); a language is spoken by only 250,000 natives of Sindh according to a 1995 estimate.[83]
Only 7.3% of people Karachi's residents are Sindhi-speaking. Karachi is populated by Muhajirs who speak Urdu.[84] Other immigrant communities in Karachi are Pashtuns from Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Punjabis from Punjab and other linguistic groups from various regions of Pakistan.

Geography and nature[edit]


Peninsula of Manora
Sindh is in the western corner of South Asia, bordering the Iranian plateau in the west. Geographically it is the third largest province of Pakistan, stretching about 579 kilometres (360 mi) from north to south and 442 kilometres (275 mi) (extreme) or 281 kilometres (175 mi) (average) from east to west, with an area of 140,915 square kilometres (54,408 sq mi) of Pakistani territory. Sindh is bounded by the Thar Desert to the east, the Kirthar Mountains to the west and the Arabian Sea in the south. In the centre is a fertile plain along the Indus River.

Flora[edit]


Sindh ibex in Kirthar National Park
The province is mostly arid with scant vegetation except for the irrigated Indus Valley. The dwarf palm, Acacia Rupestris(kher), and Tecomella undulata (lohirro) trees are typical of the western hill region. In the Indus valley, the Acacia nilotica (babul) (babbur) is the most dominant and occurs in thick forests along the Indus banks. The Azadirachta indica(neem) (nim), Zizyphys vulgaris (bir) (ber), Tamarix orientalis (jujuba lai) and Capparis aphylla (kirir) are among the more common trees.
Mango, date palms and the more recently introduced banana, guava, orange and chiku are the typical fruit-bearing trees. The coastal strip and the creeks abound in semi-aquatic and aquatic plants and the inshore Indus delta islands have forests of Avicennia tomentosa (timmer) and Ceriops candolleana (chaunir) trees. Water lilies grow in abundance in the numerous lake and ponds, particularly in the lower Sindh region.

Fauna[edit]

Main article: Fauna of Sindh

Indus river dolphin
Among the wild animals, the Sindh ibex (sareh), blackbuck, wild sheep (Urial or gadh) and wild bear are found in the western rocky range. The leopard is now rare and the Asiatic cheetah extinct. The Pirrang (large tiger cat or fishing cat) of the eastern desert region is also disappearing. Deer occur in the lower rocky plains and in the eastern region, as do the striped hyena (charakh), jackal, fox, porcupine, common gray mongoose and hedgehog. The Sindhi phekari, red lynx or Caracal cat, is found in some areas. Phartho (hog deer) and wild bear occur, particularly in the central inundation belt. There are bats, lizards and reptiles, including the cobra, lundi (viper) and the mysterious Sindh krait of the Thar region, which is supposed to suck the victim's breath in his sleep. Some unusual sightings of Asian cheetah occurred in 2003 near the Balochistan border in Kirthar Mountains. The rare houbara bustard find Sindh's warm climate suitable to rest and mate. Unfortunately, it is hunted by locals and foreigners.
Crocodiles are rare and inhabit only the backwaters of the Indus, eastern Nara channel and Karachi backwater. Besides a large variety of marine fish, the plumbeous dolphin, the beaked dolphin, rorqual or blue whale and skates frequent the seas along the Sindh coast. The Pallo (Sable fish), a marine fish, ascends the Indus annually from February to April to spawn. The Indus river dolphin is among the most endangered species in Pakistan and is found in the part of the Indus river in northern Sindh. Hog deer and wild bear occur, particularly in the central inundation belt.
Although Sindh has a semi arid climate, through its coastal and riverine forests, its huge fresh water lakes and mountains and deserts, Sindh supports a large amount of varied wildlife. Due to the semi-arid climate of Sindh the left out forests support an average population of jackals and snakes. The national parks established by the Government of Pakistan in collaboration with many organizations such as World Wide Fund for Nature and Sindh Wildlife Department support a huge variety of animals and birds. The Kirthar National Park in the Kirthar range spreads over more than 3000 km2of desert, stunted tree forests and a lake. The KNP supports Sindh ibex, wild sheep (urial) and black bear along with the rare leopard. There are also occasional sightings of The Sindhi phekari, ped lynx or Caracal cat. There is a project to introduce tigers and Asian elephants too in KNP near the huge Hub Dam Lake. Between July and November when the monsoon winds blow onshore from the ocean, giant olive ridley turtles lay their eggs along the seaward side. The turtles are protected species. After the mothers lay and leave them buried under the sands the SWD and WWF officials take the eggs and protect them until they are hatched to keep them from predators.

Climate[edit]

Main article: Climate of Sindh

Lansdowne Railway Bridge
Sindh lies in a tropical to subtropical region; it is hot in the summer and mild to warm in winter. Temperatures frequently rise above 46 °C (115 °F) between May and August, and the minimum average temperature of 2 °C (36 °F) occurs during December and January in the northern and higher elevated regions. The annual rainfall averages about seven inches, falling mainly during July and August. The southwest monsoon wind begins in mid-February and continues until the end of September, whereas the cool northerly wind blows during the winter months from October to January.
Sindh lies between the two monsoons—the southwest monsoon from the Indian Ocean and the northeast or retreating monsoon, deflected towards it by the Himalayan mountains—and escapes the influence of both. The region's scarcity of rainfall is compensated by the inundation of the Indus twice a year, caused by the spring and summer melting of Himalayan snow and by rainfall in the monsoon season.
Sindh is divided into three climatic regions: Siro (the upper region, centred on Jacobabad), Wicholo (the middle region, centred on Hyderabad), and Lar (the lower region, centred on Karachi). The thermal equator passes through upper Sindh, where the air is generally very dry. Central Sindh's temperatures are generally lower than those of upper Sindh but higher than those of lower Sindh. Dry hot days and cool nights are typical during the summer. Central Sindh's maximum temperature typically reaches 43–44 °C (109–111 °F). Lower Sindh has a damper and humid maritime climate affected by the southwestern winds in summer and northeastern winds in winter, with lower rainfallthan Central Sindh. Lower Sindh's maximum temperature reaches about 35–38 °C (95–100 °F). In the Kirthar range at 1,800 m (5,900 ft) and higher at Gorakh Hill and other peaks in Dadu District, temperatures near freezing have been recorded and brief snowfall is received in the winters.

Major cities[edit]

Main articles: List of most populous cities in Pakistan, List of cities in Sindh, and List of cities in Sindh by population
List of major cities in Sindh
RankCityDistrict(s)Population

Tomb Jinnah.jpg
Karachi
1KarachiKarachi East
Karachi West
Karachi South
Karachi Central
Malir
Korangi		14,910,352
2HyderabadHyderabad1,732,693
3SukkurSukkur1,400,000
Source: Pakistan Census 2017[85]
This is a list of each city's urban populations and does not indicate total district populations

Government[edit]

Sindh province[edit]

Provincial symbols of Sindh[86][87][88]
Provincial animalSindh ibexCapra ibex ibex – 03.jpg
Provincial birdBlack partridge
Provincial flowerNerium (common)Nerium oleander flowers leaves.jpg
Provincial treeNeem TreeAcacia nilotica subsp. cupressiformis.jpg
Main article: Government of Sindh
The Provincial Assembly of Sindh is a unicameral and consists of 168 seats, of which 5% are reserved for non-Muslims and 17% for women. The provincial capital of Sindh is Karachi. The provincial government is led by Chief Minister who is directly elected by the popular and landslide votes; the Governorserves as a ceremonial representative nominated and appointed by the President of Pakistan. The administrative boss of the province who is in charge of the bureaucracy is the Chief Secretary Sindh, who is appointed by the Prime Minister of Pakistan. Most of the influential Sindhi tribes in the province are involved in Pakistan's politics.
In addition, Sindh's politics leans towards the left-wing and its political culture serves as a dominant place for the left-wing spectrum in the country.[89] The province's trend towards the Pakistan Peoples Party and away from the Pakistan Muslim League (N) can be seen in nationwide general elections, in which, Sindh is a stronghold of the Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP).[89] The PML(N) has a limited support due to its centre-right agenda.[90]
In metropolitan cities such as Karachi and Hyderabad, the MQM (another left-wing party with the support of Muhajirs) has a considerable vote bank and support.[89] Minor leftist parties such as People's Movement also found support in rural areas of the province.[91]

Divisions[edit]

In 2008, after the public elections, the new government decided to restore the structure of Divisions of all provinces.[92] In Sindh after the lapse of the Local Governments Bodies term in 2010 the Divisional Commissioners system was to be restored.[93][94] [95]
In July 2011, following excessive violence in the city of Karachi and after the political split between the ruling PPP and the majority party in Sindh, the MQM and after the resignation of the MQM Governor of Sindh, PPP and the Government of Sindh decided to restore the commissionerate system in the province. As a consequence, the five divisions of Sindh were restored – namely Karachi, Hyderabad, Sukkur, Mirpurkhas and Larkana with their respective districts. Subsequently, two new divisions have been added in Sindh, Banbore and Nawab Shah/Shaheed Benazirabad division.[96]
Karachi district has been de-merged into its five original constituent districts: Karachi East, Karachi West, Karachi Central, Karachi South and Malir. Recently Korangi has been upgraded to the status of sixth district of Karachi. These six districts form the Karachi Division now.[97]

Districts[edit]

Main article: List of districts of Pakistan
MapSr. No.DistrictHeadquartersArea (km²)Population
(in 2017)		Density
(people/km²)
Sindh Districts.svg1BadinBadin6,4701,804,516279
2DaduDadu8,0341,550,266193
3GhotkiMirpur Mathelo6,5061,647,239253
4HyderabadHyderabad1,0222,201,0792,155
5JacobabadJacobabad2,7711,006,297363
6JamshoroJamshoro11,250993,14288
7Karachi CentralKarachi622,972,63948,336
8Kashmore(formerly Kandhkot)Kashmore2,5511,089,169427
9KhairpurKhairpur15,9252,405,523151
10LarkanaLarkana1,9061,524,391800
11MatiariMatiari1,459769,349527
12Mirpur KhasMirpur Khas3,3191,505,876454
13Naushahro FirozeNaushahro Feroze2,0271,612,373369
14Shaheed Benazirabad(formerly Nawabshah)Nawabshah4,6181,612,847349
15Qambar ShahdadkotQambar5,5991,341,042240
16SangharSanghar10,2592,057,057200
17ShikarpurShikarpur2,5771,231,481478
18SukkurSukkur5,2161,487,903285
19Tando AllahyarTando Allahyar1,573836,887532
20Tando Muhammad KhanTando Muhammad Khan1,814677,228373
21TharparkarMithi19,8081,649,66183
22ThattaThatta7,705979,817127
23UmerkotUmerkot5,5031,073,146195
24 (22)SujawalSujawal8,699781,96790
25 (7)Karachi EastKarachi1652,909,92117,625
26 (7)Karachi SouthKarachi851,791,75121,079
27 (7)Karachi WestKarachi6303,914,7576,212
28 (7)KorangiKarachi952,457,01925,918
29 (7)MalirKarachi2,6352,008,901762

Economy[edit]

Main article: Economy of Sindh

A view of Karachi downtown, the capital of Sindh province

GDP by province

Qayoom Abad Bridge Karachi

Navalrai Market Clock Tower Hyderabad
Sindh has the second largest economy in Pakistan. A 2016 study commissioned by Pakistan Ministry of Planning found that urban Sindh and northern Punjab province are the most prosperous regions in Pakistan.[98] Its GDP per capita was $1,400 in 2010 which is 50 percent more than the rest of the nation or 35 percent more than the national average. Historically, Sindh's contribution to Pakistan's GDP has been between 30% to 32.7%. Its share in the service sector has ranged from 21% to 27.8% and in the agriculture sector from 21.4% to 27.7%. Performance wise, its best sector is the manufacturing sector, where its share has ranged from 36.7% to 46.5%.
Endowed with coastal access, Sindh is a major centre of economic activity in Pakistan and has a highly diversified economy ranging from heavy industry and finance centred in Karachi to a substantial agricultural base along the Indus. Manufacturing includes machine products, cement, plastics, and other goods.
Agriculture is very important in Sindh with cotton, rice, wheat, sugar cane, dates, bananas, and mangoes as the most important crops. The largest and finer quality of rice is produced in Larkano district.[99][100]

Education[edit]


Dayaram Jethmal College (D.J. College), Karachi in the 19th century

National Academy of Performing Arts, Karachi
YearLiteracy rate
197260.77
198137.5%
199845.29%
200860.7%
201269.50%
The following is a chart of the education market of Sindh estimated by the government in 1998:[101]
QualificationUrbanRuralTotalEnrollment ratio (%)
—14,839,86215,600,03130,439,893—
Below Primary1,984,0893,332,1665,316,255100.00
Primary3,503,6915,687,7719,191,46282.53
Middle3,073,3352,369,6445,442,97952.33
Matriculation2,847,7692,227,6845,075,45334.45
Intermediate1,473,5981,018,6822,492,28017.78
Diploma, Certificate...1,320,747552,2411,872,9889.59
BA, BSc... degrees440,743280,800721,5439.07
MA, MSc... degrees106,84753,040159,8872.91
Other qualifications89,04378,003167,0460.54
Major public and private educational institutes in Sindh include:
  • Adamjee Government Science College
  • Aga Khan University
  • APIIT
  • Applied Economics Research Centre
  • Bahria University
  • Baqai Medical University
  • Chandka Medical College Larkana
  • College of Digital Sciences
  • College of Physicians & Surgeons Pakistan
  • COMMECS Institute of Business and Emerging Sciences
  • D. J. Science College
  • Dawood College of Engineering and Technology
  • Defence Authority Degree College for Men
  • Dow International Medical College
  • Dow University of Health Sciences
  • Fatima Jinnah Dental College
  • Federal Urdu University
  • GBELS Dourai Mahar Taluka Daur Distt: Shaheed Benazirabad
  • Ghulam Muhammad Mahar Medical College Sukkur
  • Government College for Men Nazimabad
  • Government College Hyderabad
  • Government College of Commerce & Economics
  • Government College of Technology, Karachi
  • Government High School Ranipur
  • Government Islamia Science College Sukkur
  • Government Muslim Science College Hyderabad
  • Government National College (Karachi)
  • Greenwich University (Karachi)
  • Hamdard University
  • Hussain Ebrahim Jamal Research Institute of Chemistry
  • Imperial Science College Nawabshah
  • Indus Valley Institute of Art and Architecture
  • Institute of Business Administration, Karachi
  • Institute of Business Administration, Sukkar
  • Institute of Business Management
  • Institute of Industrial Electronics Engineering
  • Institute of Sindhology
  • Iqra University
  • Islamia Science College (Karachi)
  • Isra University Hyderabad
  • Jinnah Medical & Dental College
  • Jinnah Polytechnic Institute
  • Jinnah Post Graduate Medical Centre
  • Jinnah University for Women
  • KANUPP Institute of Nuclear Power Engineering
  • Karachi School of Business and Leadership
  • Liaquat University of Medical & Health Sciences
  • Mehran University of Engineering and Technology
  • Mohammad Ali Jinnah University
  • National Academy of Performing Arts
  • National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences
  • National University of Modern Languages
  • National University of Sciences and Technology
  • NED University of Engineering and Technology
  • Ojha Institute of Chest Diseases
  • PAF Institute of Aviation Technology
  • TES Public School, Daur
  • PAF KIET- Karachi Institute of Economics and Technology
  • Pakistan Navy Engineering College
  • Pakistan Shipowners' College
  • Pakistan Steel Cadet College
  • Peoples Medical College for Girls Nawabshah
  • PIA Training Centre Karachi
  • Provincial Institute of Teachers Education Nawabshah
  • Public School Hyderabad
  • Quaid-e-Awam University of Engineering, Science and Technology, Nawabshah
  • Rana Liaquat Ali Khan Government College of Home Economics
  • Rehan College of Education
  • Saint Patrick's College, Karachi
  • Shah Abdul Latif Bhitai University
  • Shaheed Benazir Bhutto Medical College
  • Shaheed Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto Institute of Science and Technology
  • Sindh Agriculture University
  • Sindh Medical College
  • Superior College of Science Hyderabad
  • Sindh Muslim Law College
  • Sir Syed Government Girls College
  • Sir Syed University of Engineering and Technology
  • St. Joseph's College
  • Sukkur Institute of Science & Technology
  • Textile Institute of Pakistan
  • University of Karachi
  • University of Sindh
  • Usman Institute of Technology
  • Ziauddin Medical University

Culture[edit]


Children in a rural area of Sindh, 2012
The rich culture, art and architectural landscape of Sindh have fascinated historians. The culture, folktales, art and music of Sindh form a mosaic of human history.[102]

Cultural heritage[edit]

Main article: Sindhi culture

Archaeological ruins at Moenjodaro, sindh, Pakistan

The ruins of an ancient mosque at Bhambore

Sindhi women collecting water from a reservoir on the way to Mubarak Village
Sindh has a rich heritage of traditional handicraft that has evolved over the centuries. Perhaps the most professed exposition of Sindhi culture is in the handicrafts of Hala, a town some 30 kilometres from Hyderabad. Hala's artisans manufacture high-quality and impressively priced wooden handicrafts, textiles, paintings, handmade paper products, and blue pottery. Lacquered wood works known as Jandi, painting on wood, tiles, and pottery known as Kashi, hand weaved textiles including khadi, susi, and ajraks are synonymous with Sindhi culture preserved in Hala's handicraft.
The work of Sindhi artisans was sold in ancient markets of Damascus, Baghdad, Basra, Istanbul, Cairo and Samarkand. Referring to the lacquer work on wood locally known as Jandi, T. Posten (an English traveller who visited Sindh in the early 19th century) asserted that the articles of Hala could be compared with exquisite specimens of China. Technological improvements such as the spinning wheel (charkha) and treadle (pai-chah) in the weaver's loom were gradually introduced and the processes of designing, dyeing and printing by block were refined. The refined, lightweight, colourful, washable fabrics from Hala became a luxury for people used to the woollens and linens of the age.[103]
Non-governmental organisations (NGOs) such as the World Wildlife Fund, Pakistan, play an important role to promote the culture of Sindh. They provide training to women artisans in the interior of Sindh so they get a source of income. They promote their products under the name of "Crafts Forever". Many women in rural Sindh are skilled in the production of caps. Sindhi caps are manufactured commercially on a small scale at New Saeedabad and Hala New. These are in demand with visitors from Karachi and other places; however, these manufacturing units have a limited production capacity. Sindhi people began celebrating Sindhi Topi Day on December 6, 2009, to preserve the historical culture of Sindh by wearing Ajrak and Sindhi topi.[104]

Huts in the Thar desert

Places of interest[edit]

See also: Places of historical interest in Sindh
Tourist sites include the ruins of Mohenjo-daro near the city of Larkana, Runi Kot, Kot Deji, the Jain temples of Nangar Parker and the historic temple of Sadhu Bela, Sukkur. Islamic architecture is quite prominent in the province; its numerous mausoleums include the ancient Shahbaz Qalander mausoleum.
  • Sachal Sarmast ( Sufi poet ) Daraz near Ranipur
  • Aror (ruins of historical city) near Sukkur
  • Chaukandi Tombs, Karachi
  • Do darya, Karachi
  • Forts at Hyderabad and Umarkot
  • Gorakh Hill in Dadu
  • Kahu-Jo-Darro near Mirpurkhas
  • Kirthar National Park in Dadu
  • Kot Diji Fort, Kot Diji
  • Kotri Barrage near Hyderabad
  • Makli Hill, Asia's largest necropolis, Makli, Thatta
  • Mazar-e-Quaid, Karachi
  • Minar-e-Mir Masum Shah, Sukkur
  • Mohatta Palace Museum, Karachi
  • Rani Bagh, Hyderabad
  • Ranikot Fort near Sann
  • Ruins of Mohenjo-daro and Museum near Larkana
  • Pakka Qila, Hyderabad
  • Sadhu Bela Temple near Sukkur
  • Shahjahan Mosque, Thatta
  • Shrine of Allama Makhdoom Muhammad Hashim Thattvi, Thatta
  • Shrine of Shah Inayat Shaheed, Jhok
  • Shrine of Shah Abdul Latif Bhitai, Bhit Shah
  • Shrine of Shahbaz Qalander in Sehwan, Dadu
  • Sukkur Barrage, Sukkur
  • Talpurs' Faiz Mahal Palace, Khairpur
  • Faiz Mahal, Khairpur
    •  
  • Ranikot Fort, one of the largest forts in the world
    •  
  • Chaukhandi tombs
  • Remains of 9th century Jain temple in Bhodesar near Nagarparkar.
    •  
  • Keenjhar lake Thatta
    •  
  • Excavated ruins of Mohenjo-daro
  • Karachi Beach
    •  
  • Qasim fort
    •  
  • Kot Diji
  • West bank of the River Indus
    •  
  • Bakri Waro Lake, Khairpur
    •  
  • National Museum of Pakistan
  • Kirthar National Park
    •  
  • Karoonjhar Mountains

See also[edit]

  • Bagh Prints
  • Brahma from Mirpur-Khas
  • Debal
  • Government of Sindh
  • Gurjara-Pratihara
  • Indus River
  • Institute of Sindhology
  • List of cities in Sindh
  • List of districts of Pakistan
  • List of Sindhi people
  • Mansura, Sindh
  • Mohenjodaro
  • Mughal Empire
  • Muhajir Sooba
  • Sind Province (1936–55)
  • Sind Division
  • Sindhudesh
  • Sindhu Kingdom
  • Sufism in Sindh
  • Sindh (disambiguation)
  • Sindhi dress
  • Tomb paintings of Sindh
  • Western Satraps

Notes[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ "DISTRICT WISE CENSUS RESULTS CENSUS 2017" (PDF). www.pbscensus.gov.pk. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-08-29.
  2. ^ "Provincial Assembly Seats".
  3. ^ "Sub-national HDI – Area Database – Global Data Lab". hdi.globaldatalab.org. Retrieved 2018-09-13.
  4. ^ "Government of Sindh".
  5. ^ "Sindh Province". ActionAid. Retrieved 26 November 2015.
  6. ^ "Sindh Province of Pakistan". Consulate General of Russia. Retrieved 26 November 2015.
  7. ^ Staff reporter (9 March 2014). "Sindh must exploit potential for fruit production". The Nation, 2014. The Nation. Retrieved 29 May 2015.
  8. ^ Markhand, PhD, Ghulam Sarwar; Saud, Adila A. "Dates in Sindh". Researchgate.net. SALU Press. Retrieved 29 May 2015.
  9. ^ Editorial (3 September 2007). "How to grow Bananas". Dawn News, 2007. Dawn News,. Retrieved 29 May 2015.
  10. ^ Jump up to:a b Tharparkar District Official Website – District Profile – Demography Archived March 21, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
  11. ^ Judy Wakabayashi; Rita Kothari (2009). Decentering Translation Studies: India and Beyond. John Benjamins Publishing. pp. 132–. ISBN 978-90-272-2430-9.
  12. ^ Jump up to:a b KHALIDI, OMAR (1998-01-01). "FROM TORRENT TO TRICKLE: INDIAN MUSLIM MIGRATION TO PAKISTAN, 1947–97". Islamic Studies. 37 (3): 339–352. JSTOR 20837002.
  13. ^ Minahan, James (2002). Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations: Ethnic and National Groups Around the World. 3. Greenwood. pp. 1277–78. ISBN 978-0-313-32111-5.
  14. ^ "Properties inscribed on the World Heritage List (Pakistan)". UNESCO. UNESCO. Retrieved 14 July2016.
  15. ^ Phiroze Vasunia 2013, p. 6.
  16. ^ "Sindh, not Sind". The Express Tribune. Web Desk. 12 February 2013. Retrieved 16 October 2015.
  17. ^ Choudhary Rahmat Ali (28 January 1933). "Now or Never. Are we to live or perish forever?".
  18. ^ S. M. Ikram (1 January 1995). Indian Muslims and partition of India. Atlantic Publishers & Dist. pp. 177–. ISBN 978-81-7156-374-6. Retrieved 23 December 2011.
  19. ^ "Archaeological Ruins at Moanjodaro". The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) website. Retrieved September 6, 2014.
  20. ^ Suhail Zaheer Lari, An Illustrated History of Sindh (1994, Karachi) p. 16, 17
  21. ^ Sohail Zaheer Lari, An Illustrated History of Sindh (1994, Karachi) p. 17
  22. ^ Edwin Bryant (2001). The Quest for the Origins of Vedic Culture. pp. 159–60.
  23. ^ Derryl N. MacLean (1989), Religion and Society in Arab Sind, p.63
  24. ^ which began about 127 CE. "Falk 2001, pp. 121–136", Falk (2001), pp. 121–136, Falk, Harry (2004), pp. 167–176 and Hill (2009), pp. 29, 33, 368–371.
  25. ^ John Beames (1970). A comparative grammar of the modern Aryan languages of India: to wit, Hindi, Panjabi, Sindhi, Gujarati, Marathi, Oriya and Bengali. Munshiram Manoharlal. Retrieved 22 March2011.
  26. ^ Foreign influence on ancient India By Krishna Chandra Sagar
  27. ^ Sagar, Krishna Chandra (1992). Foreign Influence on Ancient India – Krishna Chandra Sagar – Google Books. ISBN 9788172110284. Retrieved 2012-08-03.
  28. ^ Jump up to:a b MacLean, Derryl N. (1989), Religion and Society in Arab Sind, pp. 126, BRILL, ISBN 90-04-08551-3
  29. ^ S. A. A. Rizvi, "A socio-intellectual History of Isna Ashari Shi'is in India", Volo. 1, pp. 138, Mar'ifat Publishing House, Canberra (1986).
  30. ^ S. A. N. Rezavi, "The Shia Muslims", in History of Science, Philisophy and Culture in Indian Civilization, Vol. 2, Part. 2: "Religious Movements and Institutions in Medieval India", Chapter 13, Oxford University Press (2006).
  31. ^ "Pakistan Movement". cybercity-online.net.
  32. ^ Nicholas F. Gier, FROM MONGOLS TO MUGHALS: RELIGIOUS VIOLENCE IN INDIA 9TH-18TH CENTURIES, presented at the Pacific Northwest Regional Meeting American Academy of Religion, Gonzaga University, May 2006 [1]. Retrieved 11 December 2006.
  33. ^ Naik, C.D. (2010). Buddhism and Dalits: Social Philosophy and Traditions. Delhi: Kalpaz Publications. p. 32. ISBN 978-81-7835-792-8.
  34. ^ P. 151 Al-Hind, the Making of the Indo-Islamic World By André Wink
  35. ^ P. 164 Notes on the religious, moral, and political state of India before the Mahomedan invasion, chiefly founded on the travels of the Chinese Buddhist priest Fai Han in India, A.D. 399, and on the commentaries of Messrs. Remusat, Klaproth and Burnouf, Lieutenant-Colonel W.H. Sykes by Sykes, Colonel;
  36. ^ P. 505 The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians by Henry Miers Elliot, John Dowson
  37. ^ Seidensticker, Tilman (December 2008). "Abū ʿAṭāʾ al-Sindī – Brill Reference". Encyclopaedia of Islam, Three. Referenceworks.brillonline.com. Retrieved 2012-08-03.
  38. ^ Bose, Sugata (2004-12-26). A Hundred Horizons: The Indian Ocean in the Age of Global Empire – Sugata Bose – Google Books. ISBN 9780674028579. Retrieved 2012-08-03.
  39. ^ "Topics". MuslimHeritage.com. 2009-06-16. Archived from the original on 2012-10-09. Retrieved 2012-08-03.
  40. ^ "Data" (PDF). www.uok.edu.pk.
  41. ^ Siddiqui, Habibullah. "The Soomras of Sindh: their origin, main characteristics and rule – an overview (general survey) (1025 – 1351 AD)" (PDF). Literary Conference on Soomra Period in Sindh.
  42. ^ Jump up to:a b Mann, Michael (2003). "Little Ice Age" (PDF). In Michael C MacCracken and John S Perry (ed.). Encyclopedia of Global Environmental Change, Volume 1, The Earth System: Physical and Chemical Dimensions of Global Environmental Change. John Wiley & Sons. Retrieved 17 November 2012.
  43. ^ Jump up to:a b Lamb, HH (1972). "The cold Little Ice Age climate of about 1550 to 1800". Climate: present, past and future. London: Methuen. p. 107. ISBN 978-0-416-11530-7. (noted in Grove 2004:4).
  44. ^ Jump up to:a b "Earth observatory Glossary L-N". NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Green Belt MD: NASA. Retrieved 17 July 2015.
  45. ^ Jump up to:a b Miller et al. 2012. "Abrupt onset of the Little Ice Age triggered by volcanism and sustained by sea-ice/ocean feedbacks" Geophysical Research Letters 39, 31 January: abstract (formerly on AGU website) (accessed via wayback machine 11 July 2015); see press release on AGU website(accessed 11 July 2015).
  46. ^ Jump up to:a b Grove, J.M., Little Ice Ages: Ancient and Modern, Routledge, London (2 volumes) 2004.
  47. ^ Jump up to:a b Matthews, J.A. and Briffa, K.R., "The 'Little Ice Age': re-evaluation of an evolving concept", Geogr. Ann., 87, A (1), pp. 17–36 (2005). Retrieved 17 July 2015.
  48. ^ Jump up to:a b "1.4.3 Solar Variability and the Total Solar Irradiance – AR4 WGI Chapter 1: Historical Overview of Climate Change Science". Ipcc.ch. Retrieved 24 June 2013.
  49. ^ "From Zardaris to Makranis: How the Baloch came to Sindh – The Express Tribune". 28 March 2014.
  50. ^ Jump up to:a b Tarling, Nicholas (1999). The Cambridge History of Southeast Asia by Nicholas Tarling p.39. ISBN 9780521663700.
  51. ^ Cambridge illustrated atlas, warfare: Renaissance to revolution, 1492–1792 by Jeremy Black p.16 [2]
  52. ^ "Hispania [Publicaciones periódicas]. Volume 74, Number 3, September 1991 – Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de Cervantes". cervantesvirtual.com. Retrieved 27 January 2016.
  53. ^ Savage-Smith, Emilie (1985), Islamicate Celestial Globes: Their History, Construction, and Use, Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C.
  54. ^ Kazi, Najma (24 November 2007). "Seeking Seamless Scientific Wonders: Review of Emilie Savage-Smith's Work". FSTC Limited. Archived from the original on 11 April 2008. Retrieved 2008-02-01.
  55. ^ Bhacker, Mohmed Reda (1992-11-17). Trade and Empire in Muscat and Zanzibar: The Roots of British Domination – M. Reda Bhacker – Google Books. ISBN 9780415079976. Retrieved 2012-08-03.
  56. ^ Sen, S. N (2006). History Modern India. p. 13. ISBN 978-81-224-1774-6.
  57. ^ Sethi, Jasbir Singh. Fall and Colored Leaves – Jasbir Singh Sethi – Google Books. ISBN 9788189540616. Retrieved 2012-08-03.
  58. ^ Qammaruddin Bohra, City of Hyderabad Sindh 712–1947 (2000).
  59. ^ Richard Wellesley, 1st Marquess Wellesley
  60. ^ General Napier apocryphally reported his conquest of the province to his superiors with the one-word message peccavi, a schoolgirl's pun recorded in Punch (magazine) relying on the Latin word's meaning, "I have sinned", homophonous to "I have Sindh". Eugene Ehrlich, Nil Desperandum: A Dictionary of Latin Tags and Useful Phrases [Original title: Amo, Amas, Amat and More], BCA 1992 [1985], p. 175.
  61. ^ Postans, Thomas (1843). Personal observations on Sindh: the manners and customs of its inhabitants ... – Thomas Postans – Google Boeken. Retrieved 2012-08-03.
  62. ^ "Sindhi alphabets, pronunciation and language". Omniglot.com.
  63. ^ Jump up to:a b Priya Kumar & Rita Kothari (2016) Sindh, 1947 and Beyond, South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies, 39:4, 775, doi:10.1080/00856401.2016.1244752
  64. ^ Ayesha Jalal (4 January 2002). Self and Sovereignty: Individual and Community in South Asian Islam Since 1850. Routledge. pp. 415–. ISBN 978-1-134-59937-0.
  65. ^ Roger D. Long; Gurharpal Singh; Yunas Samad; Ian Talbot (8 October 2015). State and Nation-Building in Pakistan: Beyond Islam and Security. Routledge. pp. 102–. ISBN 978-1-317-44820-4.
  66. ^ Pakistan Historical Society (2007). Journal of the Pakistan Historical Society. Pakistan Historical Society. p. 245.
  67. ^ Ansari, p. 77.
  68. ^ Ansari, p. 115.
  69. ^ I. Malik (3 June 1999). Islam, Nationalism and the West: Issues of Identity in Pakistan. Palgrave Macmillan UK. pp. 56–. ISBN 978-0-230-37539-0.
  70. ^ Veena Kukreja (24 February 2003). Contemporary Pakistan: Political Processes, Conflicts and Crises. SAGE Publications. pp. 138–. ISBN 978-0-7619-9683-5.
  71. ^ Chitkara, M. G. (1996). Mohajir's Pakistan. APH Publishing. p. 8. ISBN 978-81-7024-746-3.
  72. ^ Bhavnani, Nandita (2014). The Making of Exile: Sindhi Hindus and the Partition of India. Westland. ISBN 978-93-84030-33-9.
  73. ^ [3] Archived May 21, 2009, at the Wayback Machine
  74. ^ Rahimdad Khan Molai Shedai; Janet ul Sindh; 3rd edition, 1993; Sindhi Adbi Board, Jamshoro; page no: 2.
  75. ^ "From Zardaris to Makranis: How the Baloch came to Sindh". The Express Tribune. 28 March 2014. Retrieved 27 January 2016.
  76. ^ Jump up to:a b "Religion in Pakistan (1998 Census)" (PDF). Pakistan Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved 2018-03-28.
  77. ^ Annemarie Schimmel, Pearls from Indus Jamshoro, Sindh, Pakistan: Sindhi Adabi Board (1986). See pp. 150.
  78. ^ "History of Sufism in Sindh discussed". DAWN.COM. 2013-09-25. Retrieved 2017-03-30.
  79. ^ "Can Sufism save Sindh?". DAWN.COM. 2015-02-02. Retrieved 2017-03-30.
  80. ^ Raza, Hassan (5 March 2015). "Mithi:Where a Hindu fasts and a Muslim does not slaughter cows". Dawn news.
  81. ^ "CCI defers approval of census results until elections". dawn.com. dawn. 2018-05-28. Retrieved 20 January 2019.
  82. ^ Rehman, Zia Ur (18 August 2015). "With a handful of subbers, two newspapers barely keeping Gujarati alive in Karachi". The News International. Retrieved 13 January 2017. In Pakistan, the majority of Gujarati-speaking communities are in Karachi including Dawoodi Bohras, Ismaili Khojas, Memons, Kathiawaris, Katchhis, Parsis (Zoroastrians) and Hindus, said Gul Hasan Kalmati, a researcher who authored "Karachi, Sindh Jee Marvi", a book discussing the city and its indigenous communities. Although there are no official statistics available, community leaders claim that there are three million Gujarati-speakers in Karachi – roughly around 15 percent of the city's entire population.
  83. ^ "Koli, Parkari". Ethnologue. 3 September 2007. Retrieved 1 December 2015.
  84. ^ "Political and ethnic battles turn Karachi into Beirut of South Asia " Crescent". Merinews.com. Retrieved 2012-11-24.
  85. ^ "Pakistan Bureau of Statistics – 6th Population and Housing Census". www.pbscensus.gov.pk.
  86. ^ Ilyas, Faiza (10 July 2012). "Provincial mammal, bird notified". Dawn. Retrieved 3 November 2016.
  87. ^ "Govt declares Neem 'provincial tree'". Dawn. April 15, 2010. Retrieved September 6, 2014.
  88. ^ Amar Guriro (December 14, 2011). "Our Sindhi symbols – ibex, black partridge". Pakistan Today. Retrieved September 6, 2014.
  89. ^ Jump up to:a b c Sheikh, Yasir (5 November 2012). "Areas of political influence in Pakistan: right-wing vs left-wing". Karachi, Sindh: Rug Pandits, Yasir. Retrieved 29 May 2015.
  90. ^ Rehman, Zia ur (2015-05-26). "PML-N braving silent rebellion in Sindh and Karachi leaderships". News International. Retrieved 29 May 2015.
  91. ^ Sodhar, Muhammad Qasim. "Turn Right: Sindhi Nationalism and Electoral Politics". Tanqeed, Sodhar. Archived from the original on 2015-05-30. Retrieved 29 May 2015.
  92. ^ "Commissionerate system restored". Archived from the original on 2010-01-09.
  93. ^ "Commissioner system to be restored soon: Sindh CM".
  94. ^ "Commissioner system to be restored soon: Durrani". Archived from the original on 2012-07-31.
  95. ^ "Sindh: Commissioner system may be revived today".
  96. ^ "Commissioners, DCs posted in Sindh". Archived from the original on 2011-07-13.
  97. ^ "Sindh back to 5 divisions after 11 years".
  98. ^ "Northern Punjab, urban Sindh people more prosperous than rest of country: report". Express Tribune. 20 June 2016. Retrieved 15 December 2017.
  99. ^ Gazetteer of the Province of Sind …. government at the "Mercantile" steam Press. 1907.
  100. ^ "About Sindh". Consulate General of the People's Republic of China in Karachi. Retrieved 15 December 2016.
  101. ^ "Population by Level of Education and Rural/Urban". Statistics Division: Ministry of Economic Affairs and Statistics. Government of Pakistan. Archived from the original on July 20, 2009. Retrieved 2009-08-19.
  102. ^ "Spotlighting: Sindh Exhibit provides peek into province's rich culture – The Express Tribune". The Express Tribune. 2013-09-28. Retrieved 2017-03-30.
  103. ^ "Cultural Heritage". wishwebdesign.com =. Retrieved September 6, 2014.
  104. ^ "Sindh celebrates first ever 'Sindhi Topi Day'".

Bibliography[edit]

  • Ansari, Sarah F.D. (1992) Sufi saints and state power: the pirs of Sind, 1843–1947, No. 50. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge. ISBN 9780511563201.
  • Phiroze Vasunia (16 May 2013), The Classics and Colonial India, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-01-9920-323-9
  • Malkani, Kewal Ram (1984). The Sindh Story. Allied Publishers Pvt. Ltd.

External links[edit]

  • Sindh Transport Department official website
  • Government of Sindh
  • Guide of Sindh
  • Map of the districts of Sindh
  • Sindh at Curlie
  • WorldStatesmen – Pakistan – Provinces : Sindh
By -

No comments:

Post a Comment